STATEMENT OF PURPOSE TO GEORG WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Essay

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE TO GEORG WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY - Essay Example As a foreign student from Saudi Arabia, the university therefore, represents all my ideals where I would be able to realize my dreams. In the highly competitive environment of advancing technology and rapid globalization, the need for understanding of cross cultural values has become vital ingredient of success. The University excels in meeting the challenges of the emerging new dynamics of social structures and business equations through innovative course curricula. It encourages constructive ideologies and proactive participation of the students coming from different race, culture and nationality. Its sensitive approach towards issues like environment, racial discrimination, climate change etc. are features that strongly indicate university’s mission of equipping students with an all round development of learning. I am a highly self driven person who is also ambitious and aspires to reach the highest level of professional excellence, both in terms of gaining knowledge and at the same time, gaining appropriate status. My professional mission is to serve as Ambassador of my country to United States. My short term and medium term goals and objectives are to achieve high grades in business studies. I want to establish myself as a creative and skilled business professional. I would also like to gain an enviable reputation for making good business decisions on informed choices.

Sexual harrassament at work Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sexual harrassament at work - Research Proposal Example Different countries in various regions of the world have their own interpretation of sexual harassment and what it entails or qualifies to be defined as such. European countries gravitate towards widening the definition criteria to encompass a wide range of aspects like health and safety perspective, discrimination and dignity perspective. There is a need to develop and establish an all-encompassing moral and ethical framework to address, guide and deal with the factors contributing to sexual harassment and/or discrimination in the work place. The creation of a moral and ethical framework to combat sexual harassment in the work place should be conducted under consideration of the underlying factors and issues that create opportunities for sexual harassment to take place. This is in the sense that there exist moral and ethical attitudes in society that promote and/or encourage discrimination based on sex to occur (Boland, 2005). The formulation of an ethical and moral framework to tackle sexual harassment should include other factors like the subordination of women in the work place, and gender disparity (Roa, 2007). Human resource departments and managers should formulate and establish applicable workplace frameworks that address all discrimination manifestations. This will work towards eliminating all contributing factors that predispose individuals to discrimination of any

Early Ages Essay Example for Free

Early Ages Essay The Middle Ages is a catchall phrase often used by historians alluding to the thousands of years between the fall of the Roman Empire and the period of discovery and reawakening. The term Middle Ages was coined during the period that followed it, which was the Renaissance (Roseinwein, 2008). Since people from the Renaissance period thought of themselves as â€Å"advanced and civilized,† they deemed the time between them and the earlier world as the â€Å"Middle Age† (2008). The term derived from the Latin medium, which means middle and aevium, referring to age (2008). The Early Middle Ages, which occurred from 5th – 8th centuries, was dominated by Christianity which eventually became the rationale for uniting Europe culturally and linguistically (Herrin, 2002, p. 609). It was also a period marked by distinctions of social classes- the noble, the peasants and the clergy, with peasants populating more (Kamien, 1998, p. 62). This was the reason by medieval society was often described as a period with lack of food supply, poor agriculture, and poor economic conditions (p. 612). As aforementioned, the Early Middle Ages brought forth the importance of religion, specifically that of the Roman Catholic Church. It was during this time when the Holy Roman Empire was established. . One outstanding work from this period and perhaps had the earliest record was medieval music, particularly the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian chant was the official music of the Roman Catholic Church (Kamien, 1998, p. 65). Although the Gregorian chant was named in honor of Pope Gregory I, it was said that the pope was in fact not its creator (p. 65). Historians accounted the existence of Gregorian account or what they believed was its evolution to psalm singing in Jewish synagogues in the first centuries after Christ (p. 65). However the case may be, Pope Gregory could still be held responsible for the popularity of the Gregorian chant. The Gregorian chant is actually a body of unaccompanied vocal music. It was meant to set the mood for certain religious services (Kamien, 1998, p. 65). Set in Latin, Gregorian chants swept the music of the Early Middle Ages. Gregorian chant is like no other music for has no meter nor regular rhythms (p. 65). However, it is this distinct characteristic that makes the Gregorian chant a somewhat free-flowing disposition. Listening to a Gregorian melody invokes serenity, as if disengaging the listener from any anxieties. It is considered monophonic since it is music for one line and is sung in unison. It is said that there are only few names of Gregorian chant composers. This is because composers did not think of themselves as composers but as conduits of the voice of God. One of the most known contributors of the Gregorian chant was Hildegard (p. 68). A nun, Hildegard composed O Successores (You Successors), a chant intended to give praise to the â€Å"holy confessors who are successors of Christ† (p. 68). In the period that followed the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the predominant sound continued to be unaccompanied vocal music. However, the dawn of the Baroque period saw the musical style embracing the use of musical instruments like the harpsichord, violin and viola (Kamien, 1998, p. 104). Likewise, the melody has become wider instead of the narrow range that accompanied the Gregorian chant. While the Renaissance period still had Mass music, the Baroque period ushered in opera, sonata and concertos (pp. 100-115). Church music, especially the Lutheran service, was called a church cantata (p. 129). Whereas the Middle Ages was limited to the culture of the Church, the succeeding periods created new attitudes- that of showing that people have the capacity to create and shape their world instead of merely serving as conduits. The Gregorian chants, which was passed on by oral traditions, ebbed away slowly until a 1994 release of ‘Chant† by the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos. This made Gregorian chant popular again due its similarity with New Age Music- smooth, uniform and non confrontational. The Early Middle Ages may have focused on sublime spirituality but the beauty of it has emanated throughout the centuries. Listen to a church hymn and feel how it has evolved from a simple, monophonic music to the finely crafted yet polyphonic texture of today. References Herrin, J. E. (2002). Early Middle Ages. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 16, pp. 609-612) USA: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Kamien, R. (1998). Music an appreciation 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-Hill. Rosenwein, B. (2008). Middle Ages. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from Microsoft Encarta Web site: http://encarta. msn. com/text_761578474___0/Middle_Ages. html

Case Study of Diagnosis of Neutropenia Patient

Case Study of Diagnosis of Neutropenia Patient A 45 year old physically fit patient was admitted to hospital following several visits to his General Practitioner (GP) where is was complaining of decreased appetite, constipation, fever, chills, headaches, cramping, vertigo and respiratory problems after experiencing some hay fever like symptoms one week ago. He was commenced on Roxithromycin 150mg b.d and his GP ordered blood tests that showed his had neutropenia (low white cell count) (Harris et al 2006, p 1185) and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) (Harris et al 2006, p. 1704). Two days later he was not feeling any better and the GP ordered a chest x-ray (CXR) which the patient to have bilateral pneumonia he was than admitted to the hospital. This essay will identify important events that took place during the patients admission to hospital and discuss three of these events in detail with contemporary evidence to support the writers discussion. The essay will than look what has been learnt through this case study in relation to future professional practice as a new graduate registered nurse in accordance with the Australian Nursing Midwifery Council (ANMC) competency standards. Day 2 Why did the patient not received oxygen until his saturation got to 70% there is no mention of the treatment plan to or from nursing staff. Later that day the patient was transferred to main ward, the nursing staff raised the issue that the patient needed to be in the intensive care unit (ICU), the patient was reviewed by Respiratory Physician and was decided to not to transfer patient to ICU. This patient required close monitoring due to saturation decrease and as a newly registered nurse we do not have the experience or the time to monitor this patient in a ward environment (ANMC 2006) competency Professional Practice. Patient safety, patient advocacy. Day 5 The patient was noted to be still febrile and was ordered another CXR as the Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) was not preformed, why had this patient not had the CT scan that was ordered (ANMC 2006) competency Professional Practice. Team communication strategies, chain of command. Later that day it was also noted that the patient had a PR Bleed and a referral was made to the gastroenterologist. No mention of cause or any investigation taken place to assess the PR bleed no blood tests were ordered to determine patients status. Patient advocacy, patient safety. Day 6 Respiratory Physician saw the patient and noted he had severe bilateral pneumonia, possible bone marrow suppression and anaemia of an unknown cause, no communication between medical officers as the patient had a PR bleed the day before and is neutropenic and thrombocytopenic. The Respiratory Physician requested an infectious diseases review. Patient advocacy, conflict management, documentation. Day 7 It was documented again that the patient had low saturations and was febrile. He was seen by the Infectious Diseases Specialist and was ordered more tests and a lung biopsy. The lung biopsy was considered to be of high risk due to the patients condition by a Thoracic Surgeon. If this patient was a high risk why was he not in ICU as requested by the nursing staff? Conflict management, chain of command, patient advocacy. Day 8 The nursing documentation states patient remains very breathless and low saturation is on 12L oxygen via a non-rebreather mask and is still febrile. A BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure) was requested to be used the next day but patient was not alive the next day, why was it not used immediately he is on high level oxygen and should have CO2 levels checked by having blood gases taken, a CT scan was ordered of the abdomen as a splenic infarction was suspected. Later that evening the patient was found out of bed with his oxygen mask still insitu but disconnected from the oxygen outlet, why was he trying to get out of bed?, Why was the tubing disconnected was he disoriented due to high oxygen saturations, did he fall out of bed ?, did the tubing need replacing ? This was not documented in the patients notes just handed over to night staff verbally. Patient safety, documentation, team communication strategies. Early Day 9 The night duty staff stated they did not monitor oxygen saturation due to patients request, staff should have explained how important it is for the nursing staff to monitor his oxygen levels, the patient was buzzing several times during night for a urine bottle and to check his oxygen levels, staff gave the patient a urine bottle but left the curtain open, did the patient get up to close the curtains for privacy?. The patient was found on the floor ten minutes later in cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) was commenced, the arrest team was called and resuscitation continues for 20 and ceased with authority from the respiratory physician. Policy and procedures, Patient safety. First event was that the patient was not placed in ICU as requested by nursing staff. (Patient advocacy) ANMC Competency Standards (2006) Professional practice 1.2 clarifies responsibility for aspects of care with other members of the health care team, recognizes the responsibility to prevent harm. 2.4 Identifies when resources are insufficient to meet care needs of individuals/groups. 2.5 raises concerns about inappropriate delegation with the appropriate registered nurse. The patient has been transferred to the ward after arrangements were made by his GP for admission to hospital following an illness of unknown origin. Tests reveal that the patient has. Bilateral pneumonia. Neutropenia. Thrombocytopenia. Upon presentation it was noted that the patients saturations where low and required 6L oxygen via a Hudson mask and the new graduate registered nurse felt this patient needed to be placed in ICU to receive appropriate care. The newly graduate nurse should have consulted with the with the unit manger about her concerns when the Respiratory Physician refused to place the patient in the ICU this is related to 1.2 of the competency standards by clarifying her concerns and recognizing to preventing of harm to the patient. Patient advocacy is not new to nurses, nurses assume they have an ethical obligation to advocate for their patients (Negarandeh et al 2006). Advocacy can be defined as the act of arguing in favor of something. In terms of nursing, advocacy can be seen as the process we engage in when we speak on behalf of our patients when they are incapable of doing so themselves (Spenceley et al 2006). Advocacy has been described in ethical and legal frameworks and, more recently, as a philosophical foundation for practice (Negarandeh et al 2006). It has also been described in terms of specific actions such as helping the patient to obtain needed healthcare, defending the patients rights, assuring quality of care, and serving as a liaison between the patient and medical officer (ANMC 2005,Code of Ethics), (Spenceley et al 2006). When nurses and new graduate nurses advocate for patients, they face certain risks and barriers associated with the settings within which they work (Negarandeh et al 2006). Therefore, there is always the possibility that attempts to advocate for a patient can fail, and that nurses can experience many barriers when addressing choices, the rights, or welfare of their patients (Negarandeh et al 2006). As a new graduate nurse this was an important event to advocate for their patient as it was quite evident that this patient needed extensive nursing care that is not available in the ward situation, the nurse needed to gather evidence to suppor t their concerns and present it to the Physician and nurse unit manager (Spenceley et al 2006). The second event was why did the patient not attend the requested CT scan (negligence, communication). ANMC Competency Standards (2006) Provision and Coordination of Care 7.1 Effectively manages the nursing care of individuals/groups. It is the registered nurses responsibility to make sure that all tests and orders by the medical officer are carried out. The registered nurse could be seen to be negligent of her duty by not making sure the patient had received his CT scan according to the treatment plan. The legal definition of negligence means breach of duty. Standards of care in nursing generally mean those practices that a reasonably average nurse would use. So a good nurse knows and understands ethics in the medical field and strives to provide excellent quality of care in order to avoid negligence. However, mistakes, which will happen, do not necessarily mean negligence has occurred (Staunton Chiarella 2008). Examples of breach of duty, which may be considered negligent under certain circumstances may include doing something which a reasonably average person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonably average person would do, under circumstances similar to those shown by the evidence. It is the failure to use ordinary or reasonable care, (Staunton Chiarella 2008). Inadequate nursing skills or attention to tasks may result in a suit of negligence against a nurse who habitually fails to provide approved standards of care. Such incidents include, but are not l imited to, constant medication errors, failure to follow policy or orders and improper use of equipment (Hughes 2008). The legal review of a nursing negligence requires proof that injury was done, and that it was the result of the nurses care or lack of. Negligence refers to the act of doing something or refraining from doing something that any other reasonable medical professional would do or refrain from doing in a similar situation (Staunton Chiarella 2008). It goes without saying that every situation is different, and that is where the law becomes somewhat cloudy. However, when reviewing a nursing negligence case, assumptions and circumstantial evidence are taken into account to determine if there was negligence (Staunton Chiarella 2008). There are five main elements in a nursing negligence, and all elements must be proven in order for a case to be valid. If one or more of the elements is not present, the case may be hard to prove, (1) the nurse had a duty to perform, (2) the appropriate care was apparent in the situation, (3) there was a breach or violation of care, (4) there was an injury proven to result from the nurses negligence, and (5) there is proof that damages occurred as a direct result of the situation (Staunton Chiarella 2008). New graduate nurse should know and practice the professional code of conduct for nurses in Australia, this standard cover all standards by the ANMC (ANMC 2005, Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses in Australia). The third event was why was there no documentation on the patients incident on the 13th February day 8. (Legal documentation, communication) ANMC Competency Standards. Collaborative and Therapeutic Practice 10.1 Recognizes that the membership and roles of health care teams and service providers will vary depending on an individual/group needs and health care setting, 10.2 Communicates nursing assessments and decisions to the interdisciplinary health care team and other relevant service providers. Professional Practice 1.1 Complies with relevant legislation affecting nursing practice and health care. In todays health care system, delivery processes involve numerous patient handovers among multidisciplinary team members with varying levels of educational and training (Hughes 2008). Changes to the nursing models of care have resulted in alteration to communications between health professionals for example patient allocation, all patient care remains the nurses responsibility, in team nursing the responsibility is shifted to the team manager (Fernandez et al 2010). During the course of a 3-day hospital stay, a patient may interact with 30 different employees, including physicians, nurses, technicians, and others (Hughes 2008). Effective clinical practice involves many instances where critical information must be accurately communicated, patient handovers, medication orders, follow up tests are some exapmles (Hughes 2008). When health care professionals are not communicating effectively, patient safety is at risk for several reasons: lack of critical information, misinterpretation of information, unclear orders over the telephone, and overlooked changes in status (Hughes 2008). The transfer of essential information and the responsibility for care of the patient from one health care professional to another is an important component of communication in health care (Hughes 2008). Introduction, Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommend (ISBAR) is good effective communication tool for handovers (Jacques et al 2009).An effective handover supports the transition of critical information and continuity of care and treatment (Hughes 2008). Ineffective communication is a leading cause of preventable patient injuries, wrong medication events and patient death (Fernandez et al 2010). Documentation is a legal requirement to nursing, it must show the patients condition, decisions made about nursing care, objective observation of patient and any events that have taken place during that nurses shift and documented as events occur (Jefferies et al 2009). Nursing documentation must comply with the legal requirements such as it must be legibly written, identify the patient, 24hr clock used to identify when the report was written, signed with name and designation, incorrect entries must have a single line through them and initialed next to entry with written in error, do no t make entries for other nurses, use only approved abbreviations and leave no blank lines between entries (Jefferies et al 2009, p. 121). As a new graduate nurse it is extremely important to document all events that occur during your shift, it is also important as an experienced nurse. New graduates should always back up their decisions and document why they managed the patient care that way using evidence base practice and policy and procedures of the facility. What the writer has learnt for their future practice is always document everything that is factual and relevant information as soon as possible, this is a legal requirement of nursing and if you need to go to court you will be able to defend yourself with full comprehensive nursing documentation. Documentation is a hard copy of the patients events and the whole multidisciplinary team can read them and there will be no confusion, misinterpretation. Advocating for patients is important as with this case if the nurse had advocated for the patient he may have had a better chance at survival and received the extensive nursing care he needed. If you are not happy with a result go further to resolve the situation to ensure a safe outcome for your patient. Do not operate outside your scope of practice this could lead to breach of duty of care and negligence, nursing today is considered to be a professional occupation and knowing the competency standards and follow policy and procedure is an expectation. Becoming a registered nurse is a huge responsibility, it is one that the writer will embrace and except whole heartedly. This is just the beginning and the writer is looking forward to the very exciting future and helping people thought difficult and challenging times of their lives. Conclusion There were many important events and communication errors thought out the patients care. The three main issues identified by the writer where patient advocacy, negligence of care, communication/documentation. Patient advocacy is an important role for nurses. New graduate nurses need to develop these skills and seek out assistance from more experienced nurses to help advocate with them. There are many issue with negligence and sometime hard to prove, but if the new graduate nurse follows policy and producers and the ANMC competency standards they should have confidence in their practice as a newly qualified registered nurse. Documentation is a requirement both legal and professional in nursing, accurate, comprehensive nursing documentation has the relevant information for all multidisciplinary members to comprehend. Communication with all members of staff can be difficult as there as many health care professional with varying levels of educational and training. Ineffective communicati on is a leading cause of preventable patient injuries, wrong medication events and patient death. This case study has displayed the importance of these events and has assisted the writer for future practice.

Cicero and Stoicism :: History Philosophy Philosophical Cicero

Cicero, was truly a man of the state. His writings also show us he was equally a man of philosophical temperament and affluence. Yet at times these two forces within Cicero clash and contradict with the early stoic teachings. Cicero gradually adopted the stoic lifestyle but not altogether entirely, and this is somewhat due to the fact of what it was like to be a roman of the time. The morals of everyday Rome conflicted with some of the stoic ideals that were set by early stoicism. Thus, Cicero changed the face of stoicism by romanizing it; redefining stoicism into the middle phase. Of Cicero it can be said he possessed a bias towards roman life and doctrine. For Cicero every answer lay within Rome itself, from the ideal governing body to the place of divination. Cicero does not offer any alternate answers to roman society, which robs him of being truly a unique and bold political philosopher. This is not to say however some of his doctrines are untrue, just that he is somewhat blinded by his roman beliefs and assumptions. The assumptions of Cicero can be noticed when one inspects his view of the ideal governing body, which he expresses through Scipio (in the commonwealth). Although Cicero presents very convincing arguments for a Composite government, clearly his view is possibly only due towards his belief in the roman structure of government.1 Cicero was limited to roman borders of experience, and this point was best illustrated by his disagreement with Aristotle's writings on the decay of states. Cicero was unable to think on the level of Aristotle's logic. He quite simply used roman history as a mapping of the paths of the decay of states. In contrast, Aristotle understood the underlying forces and influences that transpired when a state degraded. Cicero quite frankly could not understand the forces which Aristotle so eloquently denoted. For Cicero, history offered the only possible paths of outcomes; the forces and behaviors played little part on the resulting state.2 A further point of philosophical belief which Cicero contradicted the stoic lifestyle, is religion. Roman tradition conflicted greatly with stoic doctrine, and the two philosophies could never truly harmonize with one another. This point brought the distinction between the Greek learned world of intellect, and the traditional religious roman patronage. This observation literally draws a line between the two worlds, that of knowledge and reason opposing that of tradition and sentiment.

My life after five years from now

I am an adolescent who have just completed high school and has started attending college. My academic progress is satisfactory and I am getting good grades. By nature I may be considered a shallow person who takes things rather lightly. I don’t go much deeper into any problem to really comprehend it. Although, I am gregarious and fun loving, basically I am an introvert and I keep my personal life sheltered as I don’t take people into confidence easily. I have a weak personality and lack self confidence. To camouflage this, I always try to be over friendly and talkative with my friends. But deep down, I don’t trust my friends and never share my innermost thoughts with them. If things don’t work out according to my expectations, I become a recluse, and refuse to discuss it with anyone. My outlook is conservative and can not accept any open show of affection easily. Fear of the unknown, fear of failure has totally blinded my vision and obstructed my rational thinking capacity. Although I am well aware of my drawbacks, I am unable to change for the better. Currently my vision about life is blurred by my short sightedness and lack of wisdom and experience. I would like to change these negative attributes and enhance my personality. The vision of my life five years from now is a complete transformation of my personality. I’ll accept my friends as they are and respect them as an individual. I’ll take some of my friends into confidence and share my problems and successes with them. I’ll always listen to their point of view before taking any difficult decision. I’ll shed my pessimistic and gloomy attitude and encounter any problem with a positive mind. I’ll acknowledge my fear, will analyse it and make a conscious effort to eliminate it from my system, in a slow but determined way. This negative personality trait affected me greatly and prevented me from taking right kind of decisions at the right moment. I’ll overcome fear with double determination and become a person with an independent personality, who can take right kind of decision at the right moment, and can dream, believe and act towards realising his cherished goal. Career-wise I have not thought of any particular profession which I would like to pursue within the course of next five years. While I’ll concentrate on my studies to ensure good grades, on spare times I would do odd jobs to earn some extra money. Since travelling excites me a lot, I would take up part time job in travel agencies such as tourist guide or interpreter which will take me to exotic tourist places. While accompanying the tourists, I’ll visit beautiful islands, see exotic landscapes of steep mountains, and lush green vegetations. Sometimes I’ll lie down in solitude on a sandy beach, and gaze at the blue azure sky. Associating with nature will give me a clear perspective on life and what it holds. I’ll shed my superficial self and emerge a more genuine person who will appreciate anything from beauty of nature to the beauty of a girl from aesthetic sense. This will help me to get into a permanent relationship, which till now is eluding me. I want to confidently go in the direction of my goal of transforming my personality within five years from now. Only time will tell how far I’ll be successful in changing my negative personality traits and become a person who is honest with himself and with others and have emotional strength, integrity of character, clarity of mind and confidence in others. If I fit the personality mentioned above within five years from now, my goal of personal transition will become a reality. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

A Mental Exercise To Increase My Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

I understand that it must be a matter of subjectivity for the reader to focus on a single type of intelligence while perusing Armstrong’s (1994) book, Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom.In my case, it has been the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, most probably because I feel the need to increase my own.   Unfortunately, my school teachers were not aware of the multiple intelligences theory.   Even if they were, they would certainly not have decided to speak to my bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.   Just the same I admired children whose bodies performed more amazing functions than mine.This is the reason why my reflection on Armstrong’s book must be centered on bodily-kinesthetic intelligence as a subconscious exercise for me to increase my own.   Still, I agree with the author that all types of intelligences are equally important.   Moreover, I trust the fact that all intelligences are important enough to be studied individually and in depth.   The vari ous types of intelligence may also be understood in greater depth through the study of a single type of intelligence.It was Gardner (1983) who changed our views about intelligence forever when he proposed in his famous book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, that there are actually seven kinds of intelligences as opposed to the singular type of genetic intelligence that had built the foundation of the Stanford-Binet IQ Test.According to the theory of multiple intelligences, it is possible for a child to be a genius in terms of interpersonal intelligence, and a nerd in logical-mathematical intelligence, and yet fail in school because his or her greatest strength lies in a high level of bodily-kinesthetic awareness and the teacher of the pupil does not know how the child must be taught with special reference to his or her principal abilities.Armstrong states that children with a higher than usual degree of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence should be taught spelling b y associating it with movement.   As an example, â€Å"a teacher might try to connect sitting with consonants and standing with vowels (Willingham, 2004).†Ã‚   Indeed, Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences has led not only to new ideas like the ones put forth by Armstrong, but it has also led to a revolution in the study of intelligence.